蒙古国将参与国际维和作为对外政策工具
作者:TSOGTGEREL NYAMTSEREN是蒙古国战略研究所研究员,也是前蒙古国武装部队成员
2023年2月6日,土耳其南部和中部发生毁灭性地震。为了应对这场灾难,许多国家派出了专业救援队,与时间赛跑,拯救生命。蒙古国军事前沿医疗队是部署到该事件的国际急救人员之一,目的是为当地居民提供关键的医疗支持。军医和护士利用他们在维和任务中的经验帮助灾难受害者,并表达对土耳其的声援。如今,蒙古国在全球9个联合国维和特派团部署了约900名士兵,是国际维和行动的前20名派遣国之一,是国际努力的核心。
苏联的崩溃导致苏联军队从其卫星蒙古国完全撤出。由于没有了1966年与苏联签订的军事联盟和共同防御义务,蒙古国面临着一个关键的决定,为了确保其未来,它选择了中立。1992年,新成立的蒙古国议会批准了一部新宪法以及新的国家安全和外交政策文件。这些新的政策文件强调了蒙古国决定奉行中立、开放与和平的外交政策,重点是政治和外交努力,限制外国军事力量进入该国,并禁止该国加入军事联盟。在整个20世纪,蒙古国学会了在其两个邻国之间保持平衡,以维持其独立和中立。在独立后的几年里,该国还宣布其领土为单一国家无核武器区,并加入了不结盟运动。
由于其独特的地缘政治地位,中国和俄罗斯都旨在避免在蒙古国进行第三方军事活动,并引导乌兰巴托政府放弃对联合国维和以外的任何军事活动的承诺。在维持和平的保护伞下,蒙古国抓住了与邻国和其他国家发展军事关系的机会,蒙古国武装部队利用了双边军事和国防合作的机会。通过积极支持联合国维和努力,并通过联合国的国际机构和机制奉行中立政策,蒙古国得以捍卫其主权,提升其国际形象。
有效地为维和任务做出贡献一直是蒙古国装备有旧苏联制造武器系统的小型武装部队面临的挑战。然而,2003年,该国政府决定与军事工程师和医生一起部署一个步兵连,以支持美国领导的伊拉克军事行动。该部队的任务是支持美国入侵后的人道主义努力,而不是执行作战任务,能够为行动提供有意义和有效的支持。次年,蒙古国野战炮军官被部署到阿富汗,训练和协助阿富汗国民军。2003年至2008年间,大约2000名蒙古军队被部署到伊拉克,这是对这些部队的训练,并加强了蒙古国与美国的关系。2005年,美国总统乔治·W·布什开始对蒙古国进行国事访问,感谢蒙古国为联军在伊拉克和阿富汗的行动做出的贡献。
在伊拉克部署后,蒙古国对联军任务的参与逐渐增加。2006年,在驻科部队的授权下,步兵部队与比利时部队一起部署到科索沃,2010年,两个步兵连驻扎在喀布尔,一个步兵排为喀布尔机场的军事一侧提供安保,一队教官用俄罗斯制造的米-17直升机训练阿富汗空军人员。这在今年晚些时候达到了顶峰,北约承认蒙古国为伙伴国。
在塞拉利昂,联合国设立了一个国际法庭,负责起诉对内战期间战争罪行负有责任的个人。2005年,蒙古国部署了一支军事特遣队,负责保护法院。塞拉利昂是蒙古国与联合国关系的转折点,巩固了蒙古国武装部队与联合国和平行动部之间发展起来的建设性和成功的关系。2009年至2010年期间,作为联合国-非洲联盟行动的一部分,蒙古国向饱受战争蹂躏的乍得部署了一个步兵营,同时在达尔富尔建立和运营了一所野战医院,协作与合作仍在继续。2011年,蒙古国开始向新独立的南苏丹部署规模最大的850人(一个营)。自2002年以来,几乎所有联合国特派团都部署了400多名军官和警察,担任参谋、联络官、特派团专家和军事观察员。
2022年5月,蒙古国庆祝其参加维和行动20周年。在这二十年里,该国已经从被动的军事观察员转变为在活跃的冲突局势中部署步兵营。蒙古国继续加强其在联合国维和行动中的存在,最近承诺向联合国维和能力准备系统提供一个步兵营、快速反应部队连、工程连和一个野战医院小组。在新冠疫情期间,蒙古国还首次成功地进行了联合国远程检查,位于蒙古国的
五山和平培训中心 作为进行联合国标准培训的中心获得了官方认可。2024年1月,联合国秘书长任命Batsuuri Erdenebat少将为联合国驻塞浦路斯维和部队指挥官。为了支持联合国执行妇女、和平与安全议程的政策,蒙古国武装部队总参谋部亲自主办了一次女性维和人员国际会议,来自全球的60多名女性维和人员出席了会议,联合国主管和平行动副秘书长让-皮埃尔·拉克鲁瓦也出席了会议。2022年,蒙古国还主办了一次多国维和演习“Khaan Quest”,巩固了蒙古国在20年的维和承诺后作为最大和最有效的部队派遣国之一的地位。
自新冠肺炎疫情以来,蒙古国主办或参加了几次多国和双边军事演习。与美国印太司令部一起,Khaan Quest演习提供了一个机会,将大多数亚太军队聚集在联合国的蓝旗下,以加强多国互操作性,建立军事关系,发展和平行动能力。不同寻常的是,来自中国、日本、韩国和美国的部队在这次联合国演习中一起训练,而俄罗斯军队代表作为观察员参加了演习。
从苏联远东战区的侧翼,蒙古国军队已经转变了自己,并在国际安全中发挥了重要作用,目的是为自己的安全找到持久的解决方案。尽管俄罗斯、中国和西方之间的
大国地缘政治竞争 仍然对蒙古国构成挑战,但它的处境与20世纪60年代不同。其表现出的中立 立场和平衡 多个大国之间合作的能力表明,蒙古国可以避免对抗,继续促进安全、合作与和平。MONGOLIAN PEACEKEEPING AS A FOREIGN POLICY TOOL
Posted on May 14, 2024
The article is originally published in Royal Society for Asian Affairs blog at http://rsaa.org.uk
TSOGTGEREL NYAMTSEREN IS A RESEARCH FELLOW AT THE INSTITUTE FOR STRATEGIC STUDIES, MONGOLIA AND A FORMER MEMBER OF THE MONGOLIAN ARMED FORCES
On 6 February 2023, a devastating earthquake struck southern and central Türkiye. In response to the disaster, many nations sent teams of rescue professionals to save lives in a race against time. The Mongolian military forward medical team was one of the international first responders deployed to the incident in order to deliver critical medical support to the local population. Military doctors and nurses used their experience from peacekeeping missions to help victims of the disaster and to express solidarity with Türkiye. Today Mongolia deploys around 900 troops across nine United Nations peacekeeping missions around the globe, among the top twenty contributors to international peacekeeping Mongolia in central to international efforts.
The collapse of the Soviet Union resulted in a complete withdrawal of Soviet troops from its satellite Mongolia. Without the military alliance and mutual defense obligations of the 1966 treaty with the Soviet Union, Mongolia faced a critical decision in order to secure its future, it chose neutrality. In 1992, the newly formed Mongolian parliament approved a new constitution alongside new national security and foreign policy documents. These new policy documents highlighted Mongolia’s decision to pursue a neutral, open and peaceful foreign policy focused on political and diplomatic efforts and restricting access to the country to foreign military forces and prohibiting the country from joining military alliances. Throughout the 20th century, Mongolia learned to balance between its two neighbouring giants in order to sustain its independence and neutrality. In the years following independence the country also declared its territory a single-state nuclear weapons free zone and joined the Non-Aligned Movement.
Because of its unique geopolitical position, both China and Russia aimed to avoid third party military activity in Mongolia and steer the government in Ulaanbaatar away from any commitment to military activities other than United Nations peacekeeping. Under the peacekeeping umbrella, Mongolia has seized the opportunity to develop military ties with neighbouring countries and others and the Mongolian Armed Forces have taken advantage of opportunities for bilateral military and defence cooperation. By actively supporting UN peacekeeping efforts and pursuing its policy of neutrality through the international bodies and mechanisms of the UN, Mongolia has been able to defend its sovereignty and enhance its international profile.
Effectively contributing to peacekeeping missions has been a challenge for Mongolia’s small armed forces equipped with old Soviet made weapons systems. In 2003 however, the government decided to deploy a infantry company alongside military engineers and doctors to support the US-led military operation in Iraq. Tasked with supporting humanitarian efforts following the US invasion and not engaging in combat duties the force was able to contribute meaningful and effective support to the operation. The following year, Mongolian field artillery officers were deployed to Afghanistan to train and assist the Afghan national army. Between 2003 to 2008, roughly 2000 Mongolian troops were deployed to Iraq, this served as training for those troops and enhanced Mongolia’s relations with the United States. In 2005, US President George W. Bush embarked on a state visit to thank Mongolia for its contribution to the coalition operations in both Iraq and Afghanistan.
Following deployment in Iraq, Mongolia’s involvement in coalition missions gradually increased. In 2006, infantry troops were deployed to Kosovo alongside Belgian troops under the KFOR mandate and in 2010 two infantry companies were stationed in Kabul, an infantry platoon provided security for the military side of Kabul airport and a team of instructors trained Afghan Air Force personnel on the Russian made Mil Mi-17 helicopter. This culminated later in the year in NATO recognising Mongolia as a partner country.
In Sierra-Leone, the United Nations established an international court tasked with prosecuting individuals responsible for war crimes during the civil war there. In 2005, Mongolia deployed a military contingent tasked with protecting the court. Sierra-Leone was a turning point in Mongolia-UN relations, consolidating the constructive and successful relationship that had developed between the Mongolian Armed Forces and UN Department of Peace Operations. Collaboration and cooperation continued between 2009-2010 when Mongolia deployed an infantry battalion into war-torn Chad whilst at the same time establishing and running a field hospital stationed in Darfur as a part of the UN–African Union operation. In 2011, Mongolia began its largest deployment of 850 personnel (a battalion) to newly independent South Sudan. Since, 2002 more than 400 army and police officers have been deployed to almost all UN missions as staff officers, liaison officers, mission experts and military observers.
In May 2022, Mongolia observed its 20th anniversary of participation in peacekeeping. Within those twenty years the country has gone from being a passive military observer to deploying infantry battalions into active conflict situations. Mongolia continues to enhance its presence in UN peacekeeping, recently pledging an infantry battalion, quick reaction force company, engineering company and a field hospital team to the UN Peacekeeping Capability Readiness System. During the pandemic, Mongolia also successfully conducted remote UN inspections for the first time and the Five Hills Peace training centre in Mongolia received official recognition as a centre conducting UN standard training. In January 2024, the UN Secretary-General appointed Major-General Batsuuri Erdenebat as a commander of the United Nations Peacekeeping force in Cyprus.
In support of the United Nations policy to implement the Woman, Peace and Security agenda, the General Staff of the Mongolian Armed Forces hosted an in-person international conference on female peacekeepers with over sixty female peacekeepers from around the globe present and with UN Under-Secretary General for Peace Operations Jean-Pierre Lacroix also in attendance. 2022 also saw Mongolia host exercise Khaan Quest a multinational peacekeeping exercise which consolidated Mongolia’s position as one of the largest and most effective contributors of troops after two decades of commitment to peacekeeping.
Since the COVID pandemic, Mongolia has hosted or taken part in several multinational and bilateral military exercises. Along with the US Indo-Pacific Command, exercise Khaan Quest provided an opportunity to bring most of the Asia-Pacific militaries together under the UN’s blue flag to enhance multinational interoperability, build military to military relationships and develop peace operation capabilities. Unusually, troops from China, Japan, South Korea and the United States trained together in this UN exercise while Russian army representatives joined drills as observers.
From the flank of the Soviet Far East theatre, the Mongolian military has transformed itself and played an important role in international security with the aim of finding a long lasting solution for its own security. While major power geopolitical competition between Russia, China and the West still poses a challenge for Mongolia, it is not in the same position as it was in the 1960s. Its demonstrated neutral position and proven ability to balance cooperation between multiple powers shows how Mongolia can avoid confrontation and continue to promote security, cooperation and peace.
https://en.iss.gov.mn/?p=1561
新人教版 高中英语必修二 课文中英文翻译全文
Unit 1 P4
Reading and Thinking
FROM PROBLEMS TO SOLUTIONS
从问题重重到迎刃而解
Economic development is necessary if we want to improve society. There comes a time when the old must give way to the new, and it is not possible to preserve everything from our past as we move towards the future. Finding and keeping the right balance between progress and the protection of cultural sites can be a big challenge.
如果我们想社会进步,就必须发展经济。新旧更替的时代已经到来,在走向未来的过程中,我们不可能将过去的一切都保存下来。在进步与文化遗址保护之间寻找并保持适当的平衡可能是一个巨大的挑战。
Big challenges, however, can sometimes lead to great solutions. In the 1950s, the Egyptian government wanted to build a new dam across the Nile in order to control floods, produce electricity, and supply water to more farmers in the area. But the proposal led to protests. Water from the dam would likely damage a number of temples and destroy cultural relics that were an important part of Egypt’s cultural heritage. After listening to the scientists who had studied the problem, and citizens who lived near the dam, the government turned to the United Nations for help in 1959.
然而,巨大的挑战有时会带来很好的解决方案。20世纪50年代,埃及政府希望在尼罗河上修建一座新的水坝,以控制洪水,发电和向该地区更多的农民供水。但是该提议引发了抗议。大坝中的水很可能会破坏许多寺庙,并破坏埃及文化遗产中重要的文物。在听取了研究这一问题的科学家以及住在大坝附近的居民的意见后,政府于1959年向联合国求助。
A committee was established to limit damage to the Egyptian buildings and prevent the loss of cultural relics. The group asked for contributions from different departments and raised funds within the international community. Experts investigated the issue, conducted several tests, and then made a proposal for how the buildings could be saved. Finally, a document was signed, and the work began in 1960.
委员会成立了,以减少对埃及建筑的破坏和防止文物的损失。委员会要求各部门捐款,并在国际社会筹集资金。专家们对该问题进行了调查,进行了几次测试,然后就如何保存这些建筑物提出了建议。最后,签署了一份文件,这项工作于1960年开始动工。
The project brought together governments and environmentalists from around the world. Temples and other cultural sites were taken down piece by piece, and then moved and put back together again in a place where they were safe from the water. In 1961, German engineers moved the first temple. Over the next 20 years, thousands of engineers and workers rescued 22 temples and countless cultural relics. Fifty countries donated nearly $80 million to the project.
该项目汇集了来自世界各地的政府和环保主义者。寺庙和其他文化遗址被逐一拆除,然后移至安全的地方重新放置,使其远离水源。1961年,德国工程师搬迁了第一座庙宇。在接下来的20年里,成千上万的工程师和工人拯救了22座寺庙和无数的文物。五十个国家为该项目捐款近8000万美元。
When the project ended in 1980, it was considered a great success. Not only had the countries found a path to the future that did not run over the relics of the past, but they had also learnt that it was possible for countries to work together to build a better tomorrow.
当该项目于1980年完工时,它被认为是巨大的成功。这些国家不仅找到了一条不以牺牲古迹为代价的未来发展之路,而且明白了多个国家合作共创美好未来的可能性。
The spirit of the Aswan Dam project is still alive today. Perhaps the best example is shown by UNESCO, which runs a programme that prevents world cultural heritage sites around the world from disappearing. If a problem seems too difficult for a single nation, the global community can sometimes provide a solution.
如今,阿斯旺水坝工程的精神仍然存在。也许最好的例子就是联合国教科文组织,它开展了一项防止世界各地世界文化遗产消失的计划。如果一个问题对于一个国家而言似乎太困难,那么国际社会有时可以提供解决方案。
新人教版版必修二Unit 1 P8
Reading for Writing
PROMOTING CULTURE THROUGH DIGITAL IMAGES
通过数码影像推广文化
Lanzhou, 9 August 2017. A group of researchers and scientists from China and other countries are wo rking together to help increase knowledge and appreciation of China’s ancient cultural heritage. They are recording and collecting digital images of cultural relics from the Mogao Caves, which were a key stop along the Silk Road throughout China’s ancient history. Nearly 500,000 high-quality digital photographs have been produced since the international project started in 1994.
2017年8月9日,兰州。一组来自中国和其他国家的研究人员和科学家正在共同努力,以增加对中国古代文化遗产的了解和欣赏。他们正在记录和收集来自莫高窟文物的数字图像,莫高窟是中国古代历史上丝绸之路的一个重要站点。自1994年国际项目开始以来,已经制作了近50万张高质量的数码照片。
The Mogao Caves have long been a meeting point for different cultures and are part of the history of many countries. Today, the caves are just as international as they were at the time when people travelled the Silk Road. Tourists from all over the world visit Dunhuang to see the caves, and the Getty Museum in Los Angeles has even reproduced a copy of the caves and paintings for people to admire in America.
莫高窟长期以来一直是不同文化的交汇点,也是许多国家历史的一部分。如今,这些洞穴与人们穿越丝绸之路时一样具有国际性。来自世界各地的游客参观敦煌的洞穴,洛杉矶的盖蒂博物馆甚至还复制了这些洞穴和绘画作品,供美国人欣赏。
By sharing so many digital photos over the Internet, the group hopes to promote even wider interest around the world in China’s ancient history, culture, and traditions. They also hope to further educate people about the importance of safeguarding historic and cultural relics for future generations to understand and appreciate. As one researcher who is working on the project explains, “Appreciating one’s own cultural heritage is very important for understanding oneself. Appreciating the cultural heritage of other countries is very important for international communication and understanding.”
这些科学家和研究者在网络上分享了大量(有关莫高窟的)电子照片,希望在世界范围内促使人们对中国古代历史和文化习俗产生更广泛的兴趣。他们还希望进一步教育人们认识保护历史文化遗迹以供后代了解和欣赏的重要性。正如该项目的一位研究人员所解释的那样:“欣赏自己的文化遗产对于了解自己非常重要。欣赏其他国家的文化遗产对于国际交流和理解是非常重要的。”
新人教版必修二Unit 2 P16
Reading and Thinking
A DAY IN THE CLOUDS
云中的一天
The air is thin and we have to rest several times on the short hike from camp. To our left, snow-covered mountains disappear into clouds that seem almost close enough to touch. On the plain in front of us, we can just make out a herd of graceful animals. This is why we’re here—to observe Tibetan antelopes.
空气很稀薄,我们不得不在从营地出发的短途徒步旅行中休息几次。在我们的左边,白雪皑皑的山脉消失在云层中,看上去几乎触手可及。在我们面前的平原上,我们隐约看到一群体形优美的动物。这就是为什么我们在这里观察藏羚羊。
Tibetan antelopes live on the plains of Tibet, Xinjiang, and Qinghai. Watching them move slowly across the green grass. I’m struck by their beauty. I’m also reminded of the danger they are in. They are being hunted, illegally, for their valuable fur.
藏羚羊生活在西藏、新疆和青海的平原上。看着它们在绿色的草地上缓慢移动。我被它们的美丽打动了。我还想起了它们所处的危险。因其珍贵的羊毛,它们正遭受非法猎杀。
My guide is Zhaxi, a village from Changtang. He works at the Changtang National Nature Reserve. The reserve is a shelter for the animals and plants of northwestern Tibet. To Zhaxi, the land is sac red and protecting the wildlife is a way of life. “We’re not trying to save the animals,” he says. “Actually, we’re trying to save ourselves.”
我的导游是羌塘的一位村民扎西。他在羌塘国家级自然保护区工作。该保护区是西藏西北地区动植物的庇护所。对于扎西来说,这片土地是神圣的,保护野生动植物是一种生活方式。他说:“我们不是在拯救动物。其实我们是在拯救自己。”
The 1980s and 1990s were bad times for the Tibetan antelope. The population dropped by more than 50 percent. Hunters were shooting antelopes to make profits. Their habitats were becoming smaller as new roads and railways were built.
上个世纪80年代和90年代对于藏羚羊来说是一个糟糕的时期。藏羚羊的数量下降了50%以上。猎人为了赚钱而射杀羚羊。随着新公路和铁路的修建,它们的栖息地变得越来越小。
In order to save this species from extinction, the Chinese government placed it under national protection. Zhaxi and other volunteers watched over the antelopes day and night to keep them safe from attacks. Bridges and gates were added to let the antelopes move easily and keep them safe from cars and trains.
为了使这个物种免于灭绝,中国政府将其置于国家保护之下。扎西和其他志愿者昼夜守卫着羚羊,保护它们免受袭击。桥梁和大门的增设,让藏羚羊可以轻松移动,并使它们免受汽车和火车的伤害。
The measures were effective. The antelope population has recovered and in June 2015, the Tibetan antelope was removed from the endangered species list. The government, however, does not intend to stop the protection programmes, since the threats to the Tibetan antelope have not yet disappeared.
这些措施是有效的。藏羚羊的数量已经恢复,2015年6月,藏羚羊从濒危物种名单中被剔除。但是,由于对藏羚羊的威胁尚未消失,政府并没有打算停止这些保护项目。
In the evening, I drink a cup of tea and watch the stars. I think about the antelopes and what Zhaxi told me. Much is being done to protect wildlife, but if we really want to save the planet, we must change our way of life. Only when we learn to exist in harmony with nature can we stop being a threat to wildlife and to our planet.
晚上,我喝着茶,看着星星。我想起了藏羚羊和扎西告诉我的。为了保护野生动物,我们已经做了很多工作,但是如果我们真的想拯救地球,就必须改变生活方式。只有学会与大自然和谐相处,我们才不会成为野生动植物和地球的威胁。
新人教版必修二Unit 2 P20
Reading for Writing
Give Ugly a Chance! 给难看的动物一个机会!
When it comes to wildlife protection, all species—the good, the bad, and the ugly—should be treated equally. Pandas, dolphins, and other cute wildlife are important, but we must pay attention to less cute animals, too. The world needs all kinds—without variety, our planet cannot survive. So if you want the future to be beautiful, you have to give ugly a chance.
在野生动物保护方面,所有物种——包括好的、坏的和丑的——都应受到平等对待。熊猫、海豚和其他可爱的野生动物很重要,但我们也必须关注那些不那么可爱的动物。世界需要万物,没有多样性,我们的地球就无法生存。所以如果你想让未来变得美丽,你必须给难看的动物一个机会。
Don’t Make Paper with My Home!别用我的家来造纸!
Billions of trees are being cut down every year to make paper for humans. Every tree that is cut down is a part of the habitat of animals such as these koalas. In this way a lot of animal homes are being destroyed! Is it right to make animals homeless so that humans can have more paper?
每年有数十亿棵树被砍伐,以供人类造纸。每一棵被砍倒的树都是这些树袋熊等动物栖息地的一部分。这样,很多动物的家都被摧毁了!让动物无家可归,人类能有更多的纸是对的吗?
新人教版必修二Unit 3 P28
Reading and Thinking
STRONGER TOGETHER:
HOW WE HAVE BEEN CHANGED BY THE INTERNET
我们一起更加强大:
我们是如何被互联网改变的
Much has been written about the wonders of the World Wide Web. There are countless articles telling us how the Internet has made our lives more convenient. We no longer have to wait in line or carry cash around when we go shopping. We can get the most updated information from large databases. We can download software, documents, and images whenever we need them. But the Internet has done much more for people than simply make life more convenient. People’s lives have been changed by online communities and social networks.
关于万维网奇迹的文章有很多。有无数的文章告诉我们互联网是如何使我们的生活更加方便。当我们去购物时,我们不再需要排队或随身携带现金。我们可以从大型数据库获得最新的信息。我们可以随时下载软件、文档和图像。但互联网为人们带来的不仅仅是简单地让生活更加便利。在线社区和社交网络改变了人们的生活。
Jan Tchamani, an English teacher in Birmingham, UK, suddenly developed a serious illness and had to quit her job. At age 50, she found herself out of work and stuck at home with only her computer to keep her company. After a while, she discovered that surfing the Internet could help her feel less lonely and bored. She could listen to music, watch films, play games, and explore the world. She also joined an online group where she could talk about her problems and get support and advice from others. She realised that one of the greatest benefits of the Internet was its ability to remove the distance that usually exists between people.
英国伯明翰的一位英语教师简·夏曼尼突然得了重病,因此不得不辞职。50岁时,她发现自己失业了,困在家里,只有电脑相伴。过了一段时间,她发现上网可以帮助她减少孤独和无聊。她可以听音乐、看电影、玩游戏和探索世界。她还加入了一个在线小组,在那里她可以谈论自己的问题,并获得他人的支持和建议。她意识到互联网最大的好处之一是能够消除通常存在于人与人之间的距离感。
She was so inspired by the people she met online that she decided to start an IT club to teach older people how to use computers and the Internet. She and her friends now organise events and collect money to pay for private teachers. Many people have been helped by the club. A 59-year-old man learnt how to apply for work online and found a great job. Now that he works and can take care of himself, his daughter has time to study at university. A 61-year-old woman who was living alone has started a small online company together with two friends. She no longer feels lonely, and her company has become quite successful.
网友给了她很大的启发,她决定成立一个IT俱乐部来教老年人如何使用电脑和互联网。
现在,她和她的朋友们组织活动并募集资金来支付私人教师的费用。许多人得到了俱乐部的帮助。一名59岁的男子学会了如何在线申请工作,并找到了一份出色的工作。现在他工作了,而且可以照顾自己,他的女儿就有时间在大学学习。一位61岁独居妇女与两个朋友一起创办了一家小型在线公司。她不再感到孤独,她的公司也相当成功。
Jan has started taking online classes to learn more about how to use the Internet to make society better. She believes that it is highly important to bridge the digital divide and make sure that everyone has access to the Internet and knows how to use new technology. Her next goal is to start a charity website to raise money for children in poor countries.
简已经开始上在线课程,以了解更多关于如何利用互联网让社会变得更好。她认为,消除数字鸿沟、确保每个人都能使用互联网并知道如何运用新技术是非常重要的。她的下一个目标是建立一个慈善网站,为贫穷国家的儿童募集资金。
Jan’s life has been greatly improved by the Internet. “When you go through tough times, you meet others who are facing similar challenges,” Jan says. “Thinking about other people’s situations inspired me to offer help.”
互联网极大地改善了简的生活。简说:“当你遇到困难时,你会遇到其他面临类似挑战的人,考虑别人的情况激励我提供帮助。”
新人教版必修二Unit 3 P32
Reading for Writing
Today I thought I’d blog about a question that has been asked many times—how do you stay safe online and avoid bad experiences on the Internet? I’m not an exper t, but many years as a blogger have taught me a thing or two.
今天,我想我会在博客中谈论一个已被问过很多次的问题——你如何确保上网安全并避免互联网上的不好的经历?我不是专家,但多年作为博主的经验教会了我一些东西。
First of all, there’s the golden rule of the Internet: If you see or read something that makes you feel uncomfortable, leave the site immediately. Don’t post comments or click on anything. Second, protect your privacy. Don’t give out your address or phone number. Someone might use the information to steal your identity. Identity theft is a common and serious problem. Third, be polite. Being online is no excuse for being rude, and you don’t want to become a target for a troll or cyberbully. A troll is a person who posts comments or questions in order to stir up trouble online. Trolls often use several false names so that they can stay on a site. A cyberbully uses the Internet to be mean to others. Like a troll, a cyberbully will also write something mean but it is usually directed at particular people. He or she may also post embarrassing photos and information about those people. However, the more polite you are, the less likely it is you will be attacked.
首先,互联网的黄金法则是:如果你看到或读到一些让你不舒服的内容,请立即离开这个网站。不要发表评论或单击任何内容。其次,保护你的隐私。不要透露你的地址或电话号码。或许有人会利用这些信息来窃取你的身份。身份盗窃是一个常见而严重的问题。第三,要有礼貌。上网并非无礼的借口,你也不想成为发挑衅帖子者或网络欺凌的目标。发挑衅帖子者是指为了在网上惹祸而发表评论或提问的人。发挑衅帖子者经常使用几个假名,以便它们可以留在网站上。网络恶霸利用互联网来欺负别人。就像发挑衅帖子者一样,网络恶霸也会写一些刻薄的内容,但通常是针对特定的人。他/她还可能发布令人尴尬的照片和有关这些人的信息。但是,你越有礼貌,遭受攻击的可能性就越小。
Have you had any bad experiences online, or do you have some good advice for staying safe? Post your comments below!
你在网上有任何不好的经历吗?或者对于保持安全性有一些好的建议吗?请在下面发表你的评论!
Boy579 Last year, we were having problems in our chat room. Mean comments were being posted by someone we didn’t know. I think he or she was only trying to make trouble.
Boy579 去年,我们的聊天室出了点问题。有我们不认识的人在上面发布刻薄的评论。我认为他/她只是在制造麻烦。
Amy A girl at my school had a very bad experience online. A photo of her had been posted online and she was being made fun of. It seemed like a joke at first, but the girl was very upset.
艾米我学校的一个女孩在网上有过一段很糟糕的经历。她的照片被传到网上,她还被取笑了。起初看起来像是在开玩笑,但那个女孩很沮丧。
新人教版必修二Unit 4 P40
Reading and Thinking
WHAT’S IN A NAME?
名字意味着什么?
The United Kingdom, Great Britain, Britain, England—many people are confused by what these different names mean. So what is the difference between them, if any? Getting to know a little bit about British history will help you solve this puzzle.
联合王国、大不列颠、不列颠、英格兰——很多人对这些不同名字的含义感到困惑。如果有区别的话,那么它们之间有什么区别?稍微了解一下英国历史将有助于你解决这个难题。
In the 16th century, the nearby country of Wales was joined to the Kingdom of England. Later, in the 18th century, the country Scotland was joined to create the Kingdom of Great Britain. In the 19th century, the Kingdom of Ireland was added to create the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. Finally, in the 20th century, the southern part of Ireland broke away from the UK, which resulted in the full name we have today: the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. Most people just use the shortened name: “the United Kingdom” or “the UK”. People from the UK are called “British”, which means the UK is also often referred to as Britain or Great Britain.
在16世纪,附近的威尔士与英格兰王国联合了起来。后来,在18世纪,苏格兰加入了创建大不列颠王国的行列。在19世纪,爱尔兰王国加入,一起组建了大不列颠及爱尔兰联合王国。最终,在20世纪,爱尔兰南部脱离了英国,形成了我们如今所看到的全名:大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国。大多数人只是使用缩写名称:“联合王国”或“英国”。来自英国的人被称为“不列颠人”,这意味着英国也经常被称为不列颠或大不列颠。
The four countries that belong to the United Kingdom work together in some areas. They use the same flag, known as the Union Jack, as well as share the same currency and military defence. However, they also have some differences. For example, England, Wales, Scotland, and Northern Ireland all have different education systems and legal systems. They also have their own traditions, like their own national days and national dishes. And they even have their own football teams for competitions like the World Cup!
联合王国的这四个国家在某些方面共同合作。像拥有相同的货币和国防一样,他们也使用同一面国旗(称为“英国国旗”)。但是,它们也有一些不同之处。例如,英格兰、威尔士、苏格兰和北爱尔兰在教育体制和立法体制上都存在着差异。他们也有自己的传统,例如自己的民族节日和民族美食。他们甚至拥有各自的足球队去参加像世界杯之类的比赛!
The United Kingdom has a long and interesting history to explore, which can help you understand much more about the country and its traditions. Almost everywhere you go in the UK, you will be surrounded by evidence of four different groups of people who took over at different times throughout history. The first group, the Romans, came in the first century. Some of their great achievements included building towns and roads. Next, the Anglo-Saxons arrived in the fifth century. They introduced the beginnings of the English language, and changed the way people built houses. The Vikings came in the eighth century, left behind lots of new vocabulary, and also the names of many locations across the UK. The last group were the Normans. They conquered England after the well-known Battle of Hastings in the 11th century. They had castles built all around England, and made changes to the legal system. The Normans were French, so many French words slowly entered into the English language.
英国有着悠久而有趣的历史可供探索,这可以帮助你进一步了解这个国家及其传统。在英国的几乎所有地方,你都发现有四批不同的人在整个历史的不同时期占据政权的痕迹。第一批是罗马人,出现于公元一世纪。他们的一些伟大成就包括修建城镇和道路。接下来,盎格鲁—撒克逊人于公元5世纪到来。他们创造了英语的起源,并改变了人们建造房屋的方式。维京人于公元8世纪到来,留下了许多新词汇,同时也留下了英国各地的地名。最后一批是诺曼人。他们在11世纪著名的黑斯廷斯战役后征服了英格兰。他们在英格兰各地建造了城堡,并对法律制度进行了修改。诺曼人是法国人,因此英语中慢慢加入了许多法语单词。
There is so much more to learn about the interesting history and culture of the United Kingdom. Studying the history of the country will make your visit much more enjoyable. The capital city London is a great place to start, as it is an ancient port city that has a history dating all the way back to Roman times. There are countless historic sites to explore, and lots of museums with ancient relics from all over the UK. The UK is a fascinating mix of history and modern culture, with both new and old traditions. If you keep your eyes open, you will be surprised to find that you can see both its past and its present.
关于英国有趣的历史和文化,还有更多的东西需要学习。研究国家的历史将使你的旅行更加愉快。首都伦敦是一个很好的起点,因为它是一个古老的港口城市,其历史可以追溯到古罗马时代。这里有数不胜数的历史遗迹可供探索,还有许多的博物馆,博物馆里收藏着来自英国各地的古代文物。英国是历史与现代文化的完美结合,既有新传统也有旧传统。如果你留心观察,你会惊讶地发现你既可以看到它的过去,也可以看到它的现在。
新人教版必修二Unit 4 P44
Reading for Writing
BEAUTIFUL IRELAND AND ITS TRADITIONS
美丽的爱尔兰及其传统
Ireland’s beautiful countryside has always had a great influence on its people and traditions. The country has a long history of producing great writers and poets. Its beautiful countryside excites and inspires all, offering something for each of the senses. The peaceful landscape of the “Emerald IsIe” and its many green counties is a true feast for the eyes, with its rolling green hills dotted with sheep and cattle. And down by the sea, the roar of the ocean waves and cries of the seabirds make up the music of the coast. On a quiet morning in the mountains, feel the sun on your skin, and breathe in the sweet scent of fresh flowers while birds greet the new day with their morning song. With all this beauty, it is not surprising that Ireland has developed strong traditions that include music, dancing, and dining. To have a chance of experiencing this, stop by a village pub and relax with a glass of wine or a local beer. Better yet, enjoy a delicious traditional Irish Beef Stew. If you’re lucky, you might be able to enjoy some traditional music and dancing, too. And if you introduce yourself to a friendly face, you are more than likely to experience local culture and customs first-hand.
爱尔兰美丽的乡村一直对其人民和传统产生巨大的影响。这个国家有培养杰出作家和诗人的悠久历史。它美丽的乡村激发并启发了所有人,为每个人的感官提供了某种东西。“绿宝石(爱尔兰)岛”风光宁静秀美,郡县草木葱茏,青山连绵起伏,牛羊点缀其中,堪称一场名副其实的视觉盛宴。在海边,海浪的咆哮声和海鸟的啼叫声构成了海岸的音乐。在山区一个宁静的早晨,你可以感受到阳光照在你的皮肤上,呼吸着鲜花的芬芳,鸟儿用早晨的歌声来迎接新的一天。拥有如此美丽的美景,爱尔兰延续包括音乐、舞蹈和餐饮在内的强大传统也就不足为奇了。为了有机会体验到这一点,可以在乡村酒吧停下来,然后喝上一杯葡萄酒或当地的啤酒放松一下。更好的是,享受美味的传统爱尔兰炖牛肉。如果幸运的话,你也许还可以欣赏到传统的音乐和舞蹈。如果你把自己介绍给一个友好的面孔,那么你更有可能亲身体验当地的文化和习俗。
新人教版必修二Unit 5 P52
Reading and Thinking
THE VIRTUAL CHOIR
虚拟合唱团
Imagine having the opportunity to sing together with hundreds of other people while you are at home alone. You can do this in a virtual choir. Virtual choir members record themselves while they perform alone on video. These videos are uploaded onto the Internet, and then they are put together into one video that you can see online—a virtual choir. Anyone can take part in a virtual choir from anywhere—all you need is a video camera and an Internet connection. You do not even need a studio. A virtual choir helps connect ordinary people together. Many people do not have close friends or contacts who have the same interest in music. Many others do not have the chance to join a local choir. A virtual choir enables them to add their voices to those of other individuals and become part of the global community. It has proved to be a positive influence on the lives of many people. A s one virtual choir member said, “Music helps me to ... forget my
problems. With music, I become someone else.”
想象一下你独自在家就有机会与数百人一起歌唱。你可以在虚拟合唱团中做到这一点。虚拟合唱团成员在单独录制视频的同时进行录制他们自己。这些视频被上传到网上,然后被整合成一个你可以在线观看的视频——一个虚拟合唱团。任何人从任何地方都可以参加虚拟合唱团——你所需要的只是一台摄像机和互联网连接。你甚至不需要录音棚。虚拟合唱团有助于将普通人联系在一起。许多人没有对音乐有相同兴趣的亲密朋友或联系人。许多其他人没有机会参加当地的合唱团。虚拟合唱团使他们能够将自己的声音加入到其他人的声音中,并成为全球社区的一部分。事实证明,这对许多人的生活产生了积极影响。正如一位虚拟合唱团成员所说:“音乐可以帮助我……忘记我的烦恼。在音乐的帮助下,我变成了另一个人。”
The virtual choir was the idea of award-winning composer and conductor Eric Whitacre. Born in the USA on 2 January 1970, Whitacre began studying music at the University of Nevada in 1988. He fell in love with Mozart’s classical music when he sang for the university choir. Moved by this music, he said, “It was like seeing color for the first time.” He graduated from university in 1995, and then received a master’s degree in musical composition from the Juilliard School in New York in 1997. Over the next 10 years, Whitacre’s original compositions began to become quite popular among choirs and singers. This led to the creation of the virtual choir.
虚拟合唱团是屡获殊荣的作曲家兼指挥家埃里克·惠塔克的创意。惠塔克于1970年1月2日出生在美国,1988年开始在内华达大学学习音乐。当他为大学合唱团唱歌时,他爱上了莫扎特的古典音乐。他被这段音乐打动了,他说:“那种(兴奋的)感觉就如同第一次看见色彩一样。”他于1995年大学毕业,随后于1997年获得纽约茱莉亚音乐学院音乐创作硕士学位。在接下来的十多年里,惠塔克的原创作品在合唱团和歌手中开始流行。这促使了虚拟合唱团的创建。
In 2009, Whitacre received a video of a girl who was singing one of his works. Inspired, he asked his fans to make videos, which he then joined together into one performance. His first virtual choir, “Lux Aurumque”, had 185 singers fr om 12 different countries. It has received millions of views on the Internet. Since then, the virtual choir has become a worldwide phenomenon. Whitacre’s next effort was the Virtual Youth Choir for UNICEF, which was first seen on stage on 23 July 2014 in t he UK. Altogether, 2,292 young people from 80 countries joined in to sing Whitacre’s song “What If”.
2009年,惠塔克收到了一个女孩在演唱他的作品的视频。受到启发,他让歌迷们制作视频,然后将视频合并到一个表演中。他的第一支虚拟合唱团《金色光芒》有来自12个不同国家的185位歌手。它在上收到数以万计的浏览量。从那时起,虚拟合唱团已成为一种全球现象。惠塔克的第二个壮举是打造联合国儿童基金会“虚拟青年合唱团”,该合唱团于2014年7月23日在英国首次亮相。总共有来自80个国家的2292名青年参与演唱惠塔克的歌曲《假如》。
The virtual choir is a wonderful way for people around the world to sing with one voice and thus make the world a better place.
虚拟合唱团是让全国各地的人用同一个声音唱歌,从而使整个世界变得更美好的绝妙方式。
新人教版必修二Unit 5 P56
Reading for Writing
Good morning, my name is Sarah Williams. It’s an honour to be here and to share with you the story of how music has had an impact on my life.
早上好,我叫莎拉·威廉姆斯。很荣幸来到这里与大家分享音乐是如何影响我的人生的。
Have you ever faced a time when things looked dark and you had no hope at all? Two years ago, I was told I had a serious disease which was difficult to cure. My body ached all the time and thus I thought I didn’t have much longer to live. I was very afraid and I felt so alone and discouraged. Then one day, I had to go through a two-hour medical treatment. The doctor wanted me to relax, so he had me listen to some music, and one of the songs was “Happy”. The song made me feel so much better that from then on I began to listen to music all the time. John A. Logan sai d, “Music is the medicine of the mind.” And it’s true. Music helped me recover.
你有没有过这样的经历:事物看起来一片漆黑,而你感到毫无希望?两年前,我得知我患了严重疾病,难以治愈。我的身体一直在疼痛,所以我以为我活不了多久了。我很害怕,我感到如此的孤独和沮丧。后来有一天,我不得不接受了两小时的治疗。医生让我放松,所以他让我听了一些音乐,其中一首歌是《快乐》。这首歌让我感觉好多了,从那时起,我开始一直听音乐。约翰·洛根说:“音乐是心灵的良药。”的确如此,音乐帮助我康复了。
Music gave me happiness. When I listened to music, it made my spirits fly like a kite in the wind. Music gave me strength and brought me relief. It was the rock I leant on to become strong and to get through those hard times. Moreover, music gave me hope and a sense of satisfaction. It became my best friend. It spoke words of encouragement to the deepest part of my being.
音乐给了我幸福。当我听音乐时,我的精神像风中的风筝一样飞翔。音乐给了我力量,给我带来了解脱。它是我所依靠的岩石,它让我变得坚强,并度过了那些艰难的岁月。而且,音乐给了我希望和满足感。它成为了我最好的朋友。它让我的内心深受鼓舞。
Of course, I hope none of you have to go through the same kind of suffering that I did. At the same time, we all go through various periods when we feel sad or alone. During those times, music can help you in the same way that it helped me. I hope all of you will somehow begin to treasure music and make it a part of your life.
当然,我希望大家都不要经历和我一样的痛苦。同时,我们都会经历各种悲伤或孤独的时期。在那些时候,音乐可以帮助你,就像它帮助我一样。我希望大家能以某种方式都能开始珍惜音乐,并让它融入到你们的生活。
Thank you!
谢谢!
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